Existentialism and Human Nature Essay

Absolute individuality and absolute freedom: the basis of all existentialist arguments. The existentialist’s conceptions arise from their held views that since we are all ultimately alone, we have absolute freedom over our nature. Existentialists emphasize the â€Å"free and conscious self† which opponents constantly attack, exclaiming that there is a â€Å"higher power† enabling our consciousness. But are humans so simple? Can things be explained solely on blaming ourselves or another being for our nature? The existentialist generally believes in a sole existence; meaning that we are alone in the world, and that we have no one but ourselves. They also believe in the human being’s capacity to feel more than one kind of pain, and that there are three different levels to our pain, physical, psychological, and emotional. All of these types of pain can cause us to become irrational and anxious. But are we really anxious because of this pain, or is it because we ultimately feel alone? And if we are all individuals, can we really feel the same kind of pain as someone else? Existence precedes essence is also dominant in the mind and thoughts of the existentialist. That is, the idea that we are born into this world without a predetermined nature, and only later in life do we shape out nature through actions and choices. This opposes the traditional view that is that essence precedes existence, according to which we are seen as having a purpose, and values, all of which is determined before birth. (I personally think that the idea of essence preceding existence is rather obscure. There is no way that our values and purpose can be determined by genetic code. DNA is what we are, not who we are.) Existentialists pose another question to the opposition: how can we be happy in a world devoid of significance and meaning? The loss of external values allows us to derive value from within ourselves. This value is greater than any imposed by outside forces, and thus cannot be taken away from said sources. Although many human beings live a life devoid of true happiness, it does not mean that we are incapable of attaining such a goal. If a person finds the meaning for their life, whether it be one meaning, or many, there is a large chance that they can achieve such a utopia without recognizing outside influences. People of different viewpoints follow different methods, as well as believe in different forces that shape our nature. It is in my opinion, as well as that of the existentialist, that we shape our own nature through decisions and actions made by our own free will; that we are ultimately free to act independently from the influences of outside forces. That we can ultimately ignore the views imposed on us, and achieve a sustainable level of happiness in the process. Human nature is a frail thing; people are just looking for someone else to blame for their actions and for who they are, even when there isn’t any. Therefore, there is no one to blame for who we are, but ourselves.

Newsweek

Sometimes, the more things change, the more they stay the same. This is true, at least to some degree, in the study of these articles. They deal with three issues: Politics, Race and Sports and Entertainment. People are still interested in politics, though Congress, with a 14% approval rating, more people are annoyed than interested. However, the importance has not diminished. Also, race is still an issue. The 1964 and 1968 articles on race deal with the upcoming elections and how African Americans are expected to vote. Also, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr and the political undertones that they will carry is also heavy on the minds of the country. In sports, the Olympics and the Boston Marathon command small attention. What is seen as one of the biggest differences from the 1964 and 1968 Newsweek articles in comparison to the 2007 Newsweek, that that a larger percentage of the magazine in 2007, deals with Sports, Entertainment and popular culture. Even for such a respected magazine as Newsweek, the editors cannot escape the exponential increase in popular culture at the expense of real news, which the country seems to hunger for on an hourly basis. In the November 2, 1964 issue of Newsweek, the issue revolves around the Presidential election that is about to come later that week. The political tension is not as heavy as in past elections since everyone believes that the result will be a landslide. President Johnson is expected to beat Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater by a very large margin. Goldwater, a Republican, is hoping to court the morality vote and to point to Johnson as being soft on communism. President Johnson , in a speech in Belleville, IL talked about the dangers of nuclear war and that, like his predecessor before him, President Kennedy, believes that the next war will be one in which there are no survivors. â€Å"We would not gain total victory in the next war, but total destruction and the survivors would be the judges of the dead.† (Meyers, 1964 pg. 23) He is referencing the dangers of a nuclear war. The war in Vietnam is gaining strength and troop levels are rising. The article points to the promise that if elected, President Johnson would help to â€Å"avoid a war in South East Asia.† In reality, the exact opposite will come to fruition. Due to the fact that the election is near, the next issue of Newsweek, deals with the demographics of the voters and how they voted. Most findings will report that Johnson won most of the demographics since his margin of victory was 486 to 47 in electoral votes. It will remain as one of the most lopsided victories in American political history. What is interesting in this article entitled The Mood of an Avalanche, is the fact that African Americans, individuals who voted for the straight Republican ticket since Andrew Johnson, now voted overwhelmingly for President Johnson. It is reported that 96% of the African American voters voted for President Johnson. (Mulligan, 1964 pg. 24) This is due in part to the fact that Senator Goldwater courted the Segregationist vote in the South to such a degree that African Americans turned away from him in droves. In one Mississippi small town in which there counted only 257 voters, the article reports that all 257 voted for Johnson. This article is important in dealing with race and how it affects the voting demographics since African Americans will vote for the straight democratic ticket from now on. In Sports and Entertainment, the 1964 Olympics is proceeding. In a Newsweek article entitled The Gold Rush, the fact that the Americans are leading the medal total, is a story. However, one of the most famous stories revolved around the Native American runner Billy Mills. Movies would be made about this person. Born into poverty and enduring racism at every turn, Billy Mills would become a champion runner. His main event was the 10,000 meter run. During this event in the Olympics, Billy Mills was pushed by another runner onto the outside of the track. Usually, this serves as a great impediment to the runner. However, Mills, against the prevailing knowledge of track and field, once pushed, continues to run in the middle of the track on the middle lane. This forces Mills to run longer distances than his opponent. However, not only does Mills win, but he creates an Olympic record in the event in the process. It is the inspirational story for the18th Olympics. Fast forward to 1968 and the political scene still deals with President Johnson. However, things have not been going well for him. 1968 would be the year that saw more than 500,000 American troops in Vietnam. Clearly, President Johnson would not be the President to keep America out of the war. In a Newsweek article dated April 22, 1968, the fact that Robert Kennedy is running for President as well and has forced President Johnson to say that he will not run for the presidency that year. His tenure will end on January 20, 1969. The article talks about the influence that a number of different factors and how they will play into the election. The first is Robert Kennedy. The second is the Republican Candidate, Richard Nixon. â€Å"Nixon lost the 1960 election because the 1960 televised Presidential debate, left the country feeling as though Mr. Nixon was not as likable and trusting as John F. Kennedy.† (1968 pg. 32) The question now is, eight years later, how will television affect the election and how will Mr. Nixon respond. There is also a report in the article entitled Politics ‘68, what demographics will vote for which candidate. The demographics are divided into race, gender, religion, occupation and regions of the country. By the end of April, 1968, the country is still reeling from the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. He was killed on the balcony of a hotel on Memphis earlier that month. Riots in most of the country’s largest cities occurred and many people died. â€Å"The arithmetic of the week’s pillage was more than enough. Civil disorders raging from riots to random shop windows breaking, occurred in more than 130 cities and caused an estimated $5 million worth of damage. More than 20,000 arrests and endless injuries have been the result.† (Jules, 1968 pg. 47) 1968 was one of the hardest years for the American public to endure. The assassination of Martin Luther King was one of those reasons and added to the madness of the situation. Many wondered in the article where the Civil Rights movement would turn to next. What leader would take the reigns? To many, people are still asking the same question. In Sports, the 72nd Boston Marathon was reported as being under way in the April 29, 1968 issue of Newsweek. Out of a total of 890 runners, the winner boasted a winning time of 2 hours twenty two minutes and seventeen seconds. This was not a great time. However, it was run by an American, the first American to win the Boston Marathon since 1957. (Jones, 1968 pg. 38) His name was Ambrose Burfoot, aged 21. Burfoot beat all others by a sizable margin but not one which would endure posterity. However, the fact that Burfoot was an American, then as well as now, is an important note as it has been the running feats of foreigners which has dominated the winner’s circle at the Boston marathon. I In the January 8, 2007 edition of Newsweek, the main story is the death of Saddam Hussein. The once feared leader of Iraq who was found hiding in a spider hole in December of 2003, was finally put to death. The article entitled Death of a Tyrant, headlines the life and legend of the man and the reign of terror that he placed upon his people for so many decades. The article also speaks to the trouble which occurred from a secret video tape being smuggled out of the area where Saddam was killed. This was in direct opposition to the orders of both the American and Iraqi forces. Such images was believed to help incite riots among the enemy and was by a public relations point of view, counterproductive. Also, in politics, the death of President Ford was the news for the week as well. The article details the life of President Ford and how he was able to heal the country after the scandal of Watergate. The article finally gives credit to Ford by saying that pardoning President Nixon was the right thing to do as it helped the country to heal. In Race, the production of O.J. Simpson’s book If I Did It, produced such an outrage that production was stopped. A January 22, 2007 Newsweek article details this. This is a racial issue because the beliefs regarding his innocence or guilt for the 1994 death of his wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman, was so split on racial lines that it still incites controversy. More than 80% of white Americans believe that OJ is guilty and over 80% of African Americans believe that he is not. (Brunell, 2007 pg. 48) That is why anything that deals with OJ Simpson and the murders, is dealt with on racial lines. The fact that he wrote a book that served as a sort of quasi confession, enraged many Americans and forced his supporters to wonder if he really was guilty of the murders for which he was charged. In Sports and Entertainment, a sad story was detailed in the January 15, 2007 issue of Newsweek. In a time of divisive issues which help to split the country up into racial and political lines, Steve Irwin the Crocodile Hunter was an individual who everyone seemed to have a positive opinion about. His popular show detailed frequent run ins with some of the world’s most dangerous animals. Over the past few years, he had become highly popular and when speaking of the name of Steve Irwin, most people had a positive opinion of the man. This ended when a sting ray pierces through his heart and killed him. This served as important news all over the country as well as for the rest of the world. What is interesting to note, through a study of these three separate dates, is that many things still stay the same. There are more colorized pictures in the 2007 Newsweek and there are more articles designed towards Sports and entertainment in the 2007 Newsweek, but race and politics are still important. The 1964 and 1968 editions of Newsweek death with both. The elections in 1964 and 1968 served as some of the more important elections in the country’s history. How would the Vietnam War continue? Would the Civil Rights movement continue with the help of the White House and members of Congress? And if not, how would African Americans vote and who did they believe gave the best chance at equality? These issues are much the same in 2007. The Vietnam War has been replaced with the war in Iraq, although not nearly to the same degree as the Vietnam War. African Americans still vote the straight Democratic ticket. In 2000 and 2004, African Americans voted for the Democratic presidential candidate at a rate of more than 9 to 1. The same can be seen in the attempted release of the OJ Simpson book. If I did It. The news of this released such anger from most of the public and incited an argument which brought back, although to a much less degree, the racial tension that was caused from the famous trial and acquittal. WORKS CITED Decklan, M Death of a Tyrant   Newsweek. January 8, 2007 Jones, L. The Gold Rush. Newsweek October 26, 1964 pg. 13 Jules, J. The Death of Martin Luther King Newsweek. April 22, 1968 pg. 45 Kilmer, F Final Hunt for Steve Irwin. Newsweek January 15, 2007 Meyers. J Down to the Wire. Newsweek Magazine November 2, 1964 pg. 23-27 Mulligan, L. The Making of an Avalanche November 9, 1964 pg. 28-21 Nieves, D. OJ’s Troubles Continue Newsweek January 22, 2007 Stevens, K. American Wins Boston Marathon. April 29, 1968 pg. 32 RFK vs. LBJ? Newsweek April 29, 1968 pg. 12

A Life of Significance

A large decorative carriage portrayed by a large heroic horse, a beautiful woman in an eye-catching gown that opens a gorgeous party, and five tea times is a common aspect of the Victorian era. This is the time to imagine when reading Oscar Wilde's many pieces. The serious importance is one of the most important scripts written by Oscar Wilde. This scene will be held in Victorian London in February 1895. The intimate relationship of my kingdom leads individuals to the virtues of life Pious life ... benefits of life ... life important ... life of eternal contribution ..... bondage of life. .. Higher objective of life ... paradigm of real meaning life ... purely guiding life with a pious fulfilling your personality ... and a happy living satisfied You can succeed without an important life, but without success you can not get an important life. Meanless success is hollow. God has the purpose of your life If you open your life to him, confess your sins to him and ask him, he will reveal this purpose to you. What makes us happy? Many studies indicate when you are goal-conscious, as you are sending an important life (as discussed in this article). I had the opportunity to think hard about my goals and meanings in the past year. Because I was absent for the first time after 24 years of rapid movement. The threat of climate change Despite widely recognized by the government, consumers and businesses do not seem environmentally friendly. However, as we expand and create new cities all over the world, they will spend TON ($ 5 trillion) (2.5 billion people will move over the next 10 years - unlike climate change ). Through technology and existing expenditure, we can reconsider transport, energy, medical, food, housing and infrastructure to do this in the right way. Data is a new currency to achieve this goal, of course, software is eating town

Nike and its Approach to Corporate Responsibility Essay

Nike and its Approach to Corporate Responsibility - Essay Example Nevertheless, large and multinational enterprises face major distrust by the broad public perhaps due to that the expectations of society regarding business has tremendously changed in recent years. The business of business shouldn’t be just ‘business’, but it has to extend its contribution to social justice, community welfare, economic development and quality of social life as well. This piece of paper discusses the corporate social responsibility of Nike and provides an in-depth analysis of Nike’s social responsibility initiatives in recent years by using strategic analysis tools. 1.1- Nike’s Corporate Social Responsibility Nike Inc, world’s number-one shoe and apparel company, designs and develops athletic footwear, apparel, equipments and accessories to market them worldwide. It sells its athletics products to its customers through its own retails stores and internet apart from independent distributors and retailers (Reuters.com, 2013). Ni ke Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, USA, has been ranked #126 by Fortune 500 Companies (Hoovers.com, 2013). Amid some issues related to employees poor working conditions in Nike’s manufacturing centers including Indonesia and that media as well as NGOs have recently given greater importance about Nike’s issues of responsibility towards its stakeholders, the company took a very positive strategic way to its corporate social responsibility. It explored new sustainable business model to prepare the company a different operating environment. In recent years, Nike has changed the way it operated and it developed focus for its social responsibility on improving employees’ working conditions in its contracted factories aiming for carbon neutrality with a view to maintain sustainable business by making sports available to youngsters across the world (mallenbaker.net, 2013). 1.2- Corporate Social Responsibility The significance of CSR has been continuously increasing in the business contexts for the last few years and this can be very evident from the fact that more than 90 percent of the Fortune-500 companies do have explicit social responsibility initiatives (Bueble, 2009, p. 1). As this term is discerned from Corporate, Social and Responsibility, it is very clear that it refers to the responsibilities that are inherent in the relationship between corporate and the society (Werther and Chandler, 2006, p. 6). Kotler and Lee (2005, p. 3) elucidate the concept of CSR that it is a commitment of an enterprise to improve community well-being through discretionary management activities. The social responsibility of an enterprise involves society’s economic, legal, ethical and other discretionary expectations from that enterprise (Sims, 2003, p. 43). The basic four elements of CSR are economical, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities a business is expected to fulfill (Pearson and Robinson, 2004, p. 50). Hence, it is expected that a bus iness need to protect human rights (Banerjee, 2009, p. 94), sustain natural environment (Banerjee, 2009,

Transfer of Training and Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Transfer of Training and Evaluation - Assignment Example s after the training, two instruments that will be use include tests to measure the learning objectives or cognitive, and well as observation to measure the trainees demonstrate the skills acquired from the training. Test questions will be issued to the trainees about the steps and procedures that are used in collecting and analyzing the evidence from finger prints. This will assess whether the trainees have understood the principles and facts or not. The training will then be provided with practical tests to carry out whatever they have been trained on, practically. Observation will be used in assessing the trainees in order to gauge whether the correct steps and procedures are followed. The trainees were then provided with the required materials to carry out the fingerprints capturing procedure step by step. Observation was used to assess the learning outcomes. Many of the trainees were able to demonstrate the learning outcomes of this training. However, few were observed to miss on one point here and there, but on average, they all did well. The pretest assessment is used to assess the trainees’ level of understanding of particular training before it is carried out and after, so that one can be sure that the training objectives are met. Observation as a level three instrument was used to assess the trainees and gauge whether they did or did not understand the training facts and

Role of NGO's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of NGO's - Research Paper Example With respect to this, this paper will hypothesize that NGOs in Haiti and Cambodia have been unable to achieve their objectives because most of the funds that they received from the donors are mismanaged. Many analysts have maintained that the systems that administer NGOs in Cambodia are ineffective, especially because the NGOs do not have ownership, but again others have recommended that their system can be constituted to look like a design of a project. To verify this proposition, this paper will hypothesize that NGOs that are integrated into a decision-making process or those that have a design of a program are more efficient than those that operate in a conventional structure. Finally, some authors, for example, Schuller (2007), have postulated that NGOs have failed to implement their projects on time because the donors fail to release funds on time since they impose stringent restrictions to ensure accountability. In effect, this paper will hypothesize that most of the NGOs do not achieve their goals because the funds that they get from foreign donors are usually string

Comparison of Romanesque Angouleme Cathedral and Gothic Amiens Research Paper

Comparison of Romanesque Angouleme Cathedral and Gothic Amiens Cathedral - Research Paper Example Angouleme illustrates the ideal 12th century renaissance that was typical throughout the western countries, and this influenced lateral derivation of the Romanesque artistic work from the antique. The cathedral was built under Bishop Gerald and represented the Pope’s authority; mainly in the archdiocese of Bordeaux, Auch, Tours, and Bourages (Tcherikover, 62). It was a symbol of or an instrument of control by the reform Papacy of the late eleventh century, and went beyond to Gerald’s time. This made the cathedral to represent the temporary rise of a secondary provincial cathedral due to the specific conditions available in the reform period. On the other hand, the Gothic cathedral of Amiens was built between 1220- 1269 and was built after the destruction of the old cathedral in 1218; with the nave chapels, west towers and the central steeple being built later on (Murray,12). Being governed by the commune Notre Dame, the cathedral was the seat of the bishop and was a spe cial center for the chapter of forty canons. As Murray (111) elaborates, the construction of the Cathedral of Amiens was contentious, with designs being altered and this made the cathedral to be built in several sessions, with the last being in 1269 when the cathedral was competed. The Romanesque architecture was derogatory term since the building of the Romanesque periods had elements and style that reflected the Roman culture. Hamlin (237) argues that the transition was not a smooth one, and there was thin line between the transition periods. However, the Romanesque architecture had created much ecclesiastical architecture in hick they imposed on believers in these cathedrals. Some architects in this age and especially Germans, the French and the Britons designed new approaches that slowly combined the Romanesque architecture into their cathedrals, but left some to include new design approaches. As Hamlin (237) argues, though many preferred the traditional Romanesque style, the ne w form slowly crept in as features were either omitted or changes were affected to the Romanesque style, and with time each cathedral was built in the new Gothic approach and this marked the transition from the Romanesque style into the Gothic style of architecture. Incidentally, the Notre Dame or Cathedral of Amiens was allowed to be constructed fully using the new gothic artistic work (Cecile, 41). The two cathedrals will hereby be compared to portray the difference in design and the decorations that include the sculptural works. Comparing the two cathedrals in design and decorations, the Angouleme cathedral portrays decorations that make the cathedral more spiritualistic, while the Amiens cathedral has more individualized designs and decorations that portray creativity and a move to modernity in architectural work. Design i. Arcs and naves As Davies (1998) argues, the remarkable feature that makes the cathedral of Amiens different from the cathedral of Angouleme and as a complete gothic artistic work was the design. Davis further elaborates that the cathedral’s complex grandeur in forms, spaces stone figures and the lifelike shapes makes the cathedral to portray an experience that embraced both the future and the past in its design. Cecile (42) further argues that the Cathedral of

Reproduction Of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reproduction Of Poetry - Essay Example However, the major challenge that has raised controversy is reproduction of art. There are different views on whether art should be reproduced. While some views are in support of reproduction of art, others have sharply criticised it. Nonetheless, with regard to poetry, reproduction of poetry holds many benefits, and these are in relation to reaching mass audiences, as well as maintaining the aura and originality of the original work. Many writers have written different articles to express their views and arguments on reproduction of art. This paper bases on a major work of Davis Douglas, â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction,† that was published in 1995. This is the primary source in this paper. The views of Davis are analysed, and by use of a secondary source; â€Å"Sona Books,† by Magi Jill, it will be possible to determine ways through which reproduction of poetry benefits the authors and audiences without distorting the original work. While Davis in his article supports reproduction of art, Mag focuses on the challenges of publishing poetry, and the overall low popularity of the literature genre. Davis supports reproduction of art by basing on important aspects of art, which he proves that reproduction does not influence them in any adverse manner. For instance, Davis focuses on the aura of the work. He argues that reproduction does not betray the aura of the original work, but instead, it enhances it (381). Therefore, the same applies to poetry, as it is an art form. When poems are reproduced, slight changes might be made to the original work. However, this does destroy the quality of the original work. Instead the quality is enhanced, as sometimes reproduced works might be better than original works. It is also possible to argue that the aura of an art work does not lie in the art work, but is determined by the audience. Therefore, the aura and uniqueness of an art work is determined by the art world and its critiques of the art

Foreign Enterprise Manage the JV Company with State Owned Background Dissertation

Foreign Enterprise Manage the JV Company with State Owned Background -Veolia Water's Business Model in China for its Long Term - Dissertation Example The measures thus adopted by the joint venture entity of Veolia Water for the better performance of the company so as to fulfil the demand for water in China. The business model of Veolia water over the span of five years starting from 2002 to 2007 especially has been a remarkable one. This has led to the success of the parent organisations with respect to the operations carried out by Veolia Water in China. The performance of the company is a matter of great concern for it. This has resulted in the company adaption to the Competence Based Training of the employees, where the requirement of the employees will be first assessed and thereafter training will be provided in the area concerned. In order to detect more parameters in water the company has invested in the high-end technologies which in the long-run will benefit the company in providing adequate water supply in the country of China. The economic situation of China has attracted a lot of joint ventures and foreign investments to take place in the country. Through joint venture with the foreign enterprise the country has benefitted by financial capital being invested in the country. The job opportunities over the year have also increased to a great extent. Through this case study we can observe that Veolia Water has been successful enough in creating value by setting up of joint ventures in emerging economy like China. The company takes initiative in controlling the cost and the capital expenditure of the company along with the adoption of the sustainable value appropriation policies. This has helped Veolia to effectively design and implement the international joint venture strategies in emerging economy like China. The management of Veolia Water developed against the international joint venture in China led to the emphasis on the cross cultural management whereby the company had to respect the values of the local authority and the culture of its place of operation. So as to keep pace with the cross cultu re the company has implemented effective human resource management for the company which helps the company keep pace with the changing external requirements for the company. The joint venture has also benefitted Veolia Water in terms of availing cheap labour and the already available natural resources. With Veolia Water entering the market of China, the country gained in terms of diversified capital investment with the unprecedented opportunity to observe the nature of the competitive strategies in the form of joint venture. Thus studying the advantages and the disadvantages of Veolia Water in the economy of China we can make a comparative analysis of its effects on the strategies of joint venture thus adopted by the company. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Background of the Study 6 1.2 Aim and Objective of the Study 7 1.3 Research Questions 9 1.4 Significance of the Study 9 1.5 Research Structure 10 2. Literature Review 15 2.1 International Joint Ventures 15 2.2 Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 16 2.2.1 Legal and Operational Issues in context of Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 19 2.3 Influence of Chinese culture on Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 23 2.4 Evaluation of Joint Venture Performance 25 2.5 Measures of Performance 28 2.6 Synopsis of Measures in Prior Joint Venture Performance Studies 30 2.7 Summary 32 3. Research Methodology 33 3.2 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Methods 34 3.3 Data Analysis Strategy 37 3.4 Research

Is the cost of college in America to high Research Paper

Is the cost of college in America to high - Research Paper Example The system changed through these three age times, and the modern system is elementary school to high school and to college. College education is important as it marks the last step in completing the first phase of education and is relatively expensive compared to the other two. It has been of great interest in many countries, including United States. Americans feel that college education is very expensive compared to other nations. Question is, is the cost of college in America is too high? Education is probably the most important learning process, since the ancient times. It is basically the process of giving and receiving instructions. In the ancient Greece and Rome, children were taught their responsibilities and how to honor them. Boys were usually taught how to work hard to feed their families and also how to protect their families and cities. On the other hand, girls were taught by their mothers’ household chores like cooking, cleaning and managing houses. This was infor mal education and was very important for the ancient people. As strings of time continued to unwind, some philosophers thought that it would be good to introduce a formal education system. Plato, the infamous Greek philosopher, was probably the first person to propose a formal education system. According to Plato, children were to be initially taught by their guardians, the basics. At the age of seven years, the children were to join elementary school. They were to study mathematics, poetry, literature and music until they turned eighteen years. After finishing the elementary school, they were to proceed to military training for two years. Military training was to emphasize physical training. The best students were to proceed to higher education. This was to be trained from the age of twenty years to thirty-five years. Mathematics, literature and philosophy were to be studies in higher education. Those finishing higher education were to be given minor administrative position for pre paration of future governing positions. According to Plato, education was to be provided to both men and women (Dillon 1). Followers of Plato considered that formal education was a good idea and went ahead to implement the proposal. Formal education was first trained in Greece and followed to other cities like Sparta and other nations and civilizations in the region. Education would soon be trained in China, Egypt and all other countries followed. Each country changed the education system to their preference. By the time it was coming to the medieval times, education had changed dramatically. Unlike during the ancient times when education was influenced by philosophers, education in medieval times was influenced by church leaders. Mathematics, philosophy, rhetoric, grammar, logic, astrology and music were the main subjects taught. Bishops and monks were responsible for training the upper class people. Peasants were uneducated during these times as it was very expensive to afford boo ks or consult teachers. Student used to sit together in a class set up and used scrawl notes, wooden blocks (Newman 1). Times turned to the modern and education system also changed. Education became affordable to many people as time passed. College education is the most considered, and it is currently the highest level in education hierarchy today. People, who have studied to college level, easily get good jobs and are respected in the society. College educatio

Colonial period from 1607 to 1750 Essay Example for Free

Colonial period from 1607 to 1750 Essay During the colonial period from 1607 to 1750 an American way of life emerged, differing from Old World European culture. This new lifestyle developed from the interaction of five major groups, including the; Native Americans, Chesapeake colonies, New England colonies, Indentured servants, and African slaves. Each of these peoples contributed ideas, principals, practices, and beliefs to the melting pot that would later become the United States of America. Native Americans had a significant impact on Europeans as early as Americas discovery in 1492 (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 14), during which time, the Columbian Exchange occurred. This initial exchange had a larger influence on Native American life than European, as the Old World explorers introduced diseases to which the Indians had no natural immunity (Yazawa, Melvin 46). According to Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey (15), in the Centuries after Columbus landfall, as many as 90 percent of the Native Americans perished. When Europeans returned to America in the 1600s to develop permanent settlements, Native Americans reintroduced to them planting techniques and crops, such as corn and tobacco, that would revolutionize the early colonies economies and diet allowing them to grow and flourish and making them an important aspect of American culture (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 15). Additionally, Native Americans shared in the celebration of the first Thanksgiving with the Plymouth pilgrims (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 52), a holiday still important and beloved today. Later interactions between the Native Americans and Colonists were mainly hostile, as a result of the Europeans insatiable land-lust, evident in such conflicts as the Pequot War (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 52). The aid Native Americans provided to early settlers allowing them to sustain themselves would result in the downfall and destruction of numerous Indian tribes, who had already dwindling populations as a result of European diseases (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 31). However, conflict forced Native Americans to band together, displaying a way in which Europeans shaped Indian history in America as well (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 32). The Chesapeake colonies were another group that largely influenced the development of the American culture. Virginia was the first colony; founded in 1607 by a joint-stock company hoping to find gold and a passage through America to the Indies (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 28). This company, named the Virginia Company of London, received a charter from the King for a settlement in the new world (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 28). This charter was important to the formation of an American pride. The document guaranteed the New World settlers would be guaranteed the same rights of Englishmen at home. However, this document later fueled the colonists desire for independence from their intrusive and controlling mother country (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 29). The introduction of tobacco to early settlers played a large role in the growth of the Chesapeake colonies, especially Virginia. In fact, tobacco growth was so important to colonists they threatened themselves with starvation by choosing to plant the cash crop over food crops (Wheeler and Becker 29). Without tobaccos economic contribution to the survival of Virginia, contributions made by the colony might not have been made. Virginias House of Burgesses was the first representative legislative assembly in British North America (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 33). This was the first of many parliaments to emerge in America, justifying the efforts of the Colonists to eventually breakaway from British rule, as they believed themselves fit to oversee their own nation. The other Chesapeake colonies also contributed to the formation of a uniquely American way of life. Maryland, founded in 1634 (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 33), was haven to Roman Catholics seeking refugee in the new world. Without a place for this minority religion to survive, it might not have been sheltered in the new world. The Carolinas were composed of large expanses of open land, resulting in a large plantation agriculture system in the south (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 38) that resulted in the use of indentured servitude and slavery throughout southern America. However, the colony founded last in 1733, Georgia (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 38), slowed the immediate development of slavery in the Chesapeake colonies. As Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey stated, Georgia was a religiously tolerant settlement, which was slavery free until 1750. The New England colonies were formed largely so those settling in the colonies could be free of religious persecution, especially in Massachusetts Bay (Wheeler and Becker 30). According to Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey, The Mass. Bay colony was formed in 1628 (37), although the puritans who merged into the Massachusetts Bay colony from Plymouth arrived in 1620 (37). The Pilgrims who arrived in Plymouth influenced American ideals of freedom from oppression, through the Mayflower Compact. This document became quintessential to the creation of later constitutions. It was an agreement to form a crude government and submit to the will of the majority ( Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey). The Massachusetts Bay colony contributed early concepts of a liberal government to America. Local affairs and issues were eligible for discussion by a large percentage of adult men, and voting was completed by majority rules (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 47). However, religious leaders held significant power in the lives of the settlers, influencing the beliefs of those residing in the Massachusetts Bay colony. As a result, those threatening Puritan views such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams, were banished (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 48). This was actually advantageous for the development of a diverse American culture, as those forced outside of Massachusetts Bay moved to more accepting colonies, such as Rhode Island. Rhode Island was a region of varying religious beliefs and ways of life as there was a lack of religious oath or taxation present in so many of the other colonies (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey). The Dutch contributed names and settlers to the renamed New York colony after it was surrendered to the Duke of York in 1664 (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey). Pennsylvania, founded in 1681 according to Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey (60), was home to the passive Quakers. Pennsylvania influenced American ethnicity, as the colony attracted people of various backgrounds (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 61). Indentured servants played a large role in the growth of an American lifestyle. Prior to the popularity of slavery in the South, colonies such as Virginia and Maryland utilized indentured servants to tend large plantations (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 33). Indentured servants supported the cash crops that helped the early colonies thrive financially, without which finances, the colonies might not have survived (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 67). Once indentured servants had completed their terms, they became freemen, but remained much in the same position as before. They were penniless and searching for land and a job. These freemen also contributed to a rebellious and headstrong American people, willing to fight for what they believed in. During Bacons Rebellion in 1676, a group of young freemen led by Nathaniel Bacon attacked Indians near jamestown in retaliation of Indian attacks on frontier settlements (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 68). African slaves during the colonial period influenced the development of the American way of life. Due to economic change in colonies in the 1680s (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 70), it was financially possible for plantation owners in the south to purchase African slaves as opposed to using indentured servants. Additionally, by 1662, distinctions between a white indentured servant and african slave were made in Virginia (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 72), which made blacks and their children the property of their white masters for life. African slavery in America made it possible for southern plantations to truly develop, at the cost of a peoples rights. African slaves were subject to a plethora of harsh conditions, including harsh hours and intensive labor in the blistering heat (Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey 72). This resulted in a large part of American economic success being reliant on the exploitation of a group of people. The American way of life developed as a result of the interaction of numerous groups including the Native Americans, the Chesapeake colonies, the New England colonies, the Indenture servants, and the African slaves. Native Americans contributed staple crops which would support the early settlers and modify the American diet permanantly. Chesapeake colonists, although originally settling the Americas in order to attain wealth, found a permanent home that they would later fight to rule. The New England colonists wrote up the Mayflower compact, a primitive agreement which would inspire later constitutions. The indentured white servants led to the eventual treatment of people solely as property in the case of African American slaves after indentured servitude ended. Slavery would prove to be a social barrier and issue for numerous years to come, as africans struggled to acquire the same rights as granted to white citizens.

Nursing in the Community Essay Example for Free

Nursing in the Community Essay In this assignment the topics discussed is a nursing problem related to a medical diagnosis taking from an example of a patient dealt with while the nursing student was out on clinical placement. For this assignment the patient has a diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Kevin Brophy (pseudonym) is a 9 year old boy that had come into the Paediatric Unit. He is of the Roman Catholic religion. He lives with only his mother and she is educated about his disease of Diabetes. His mother’s sister is a nurse also and knew how to manage his Diabetes and looked after him if his mother was busy. The multidisciplinary team have been treating him for the condition for 4 years. He gets hospitalized often to regulate his blood sugar levels and monitor his insulin intake. The nursing problem associated with his diagnosis is related to his diet and nutritional status and being able to monitor these with caution and ease. The nurse had a form for filling out what had he eaten that day and what time this had happened at in the ‘end of bed’ chart which was with his other documentation such as his vital signs and also the fluid balance intake and output chat. There was also a section in this form for documenting what level his blood sugars were and was directed to take record of them after every meal. The nurse then had an idea  of what sort of food he was eating and also a report of his blood sugars which were monitored closely throughout the day. The nurses primary responsibility was to ensure this boy was eating correctly and following the dietary guidelines of a Diabetic patient. The model of assessment/care used to treat Kevin was devised from Roper, Logan and Tierney (1980). The Roper, Logan and Tierney’s’ activity of living (AL) model of nursing consists of twelve activities of living. According to Aggleton Chalmers (2000 P46), â€Å"Each AL specifies a relatively distinct type of human behaviour related to meeting a particular need.† Information was obtained from a booklet containing facts and advice on Diabetes and Healthy Eating from the Department of Health and Dietetics in Waterford Regional Hospital. This has described diabetes as a condition where the body is unable to control the amount of glucose i.e. sugar in the blood. Everyone’s blood has some glucose in it because your body needs glucose for energy. Normally your body breaks food down into glucose and sends it to the bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps to get the glucose from the bloodstream into the cells to be used for energy. In people with Type 2 Diabetes, the pancreas is not making enough insulin or is unable to use the insulin properly, or both. In people with Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas is unable to make insulin full stop. Without insulin in the body, the blood glucose rises (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Waterford Regional Hospital 2006). To manage diabetes in paediatrics is primarily challenging and m uch more complicated than dealing with the diagnosis in adults with Diabetes (DH Diabetes Policy Team 2007, Christie et al 2009). Nurses have to educate and facilitate the self management of Diabetes and also introduce skills to gain the best possible control over the patient’s blood sugars i.e. glycaemic control. If these skills are not executed properly then diseases such as micro-vascular e.g. nephropathy or retinopathy or cardiovascular diseases (macro-vascular), which decreases the quality of life and a reduced life span (The Diabetes Control and Complications Study Group,1994). The nurses and patients responsibility is to monitor and control the intake of food and also be educated on what can have a negative or positive effect on the body. This is a major nursing problem associated with the Diabetic patient and  intervention by the nurse is necessary throughout. In doing so, the nurse must follow the Nursing Process in relation to their diet. Assessment Patients diagnosed with type 1 Diabetes are assessed for signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis, including ketonuria, Kussmaul respirations, orthostatic hypotension, and lethargy. The patient is asked about symptoms of DKA, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Laboratory results are monitored for metabolic acidosis (i.e. decreased pH and decreased bicarbonate level) and for electrolyte imbalance. If the patient exhibits signs and symptoms of DKA, the nursing care first focuses on treatment of these acute complications, as outlined earlier. Once these complications are resolving, nursing care then focuses on long-term management of diabetes. The patients emotional status is assessed by observing his or her general demeanour (e.g., withdrawn, anxious) and body language (e.g., avoids eye contact). The patient is asked about major concerns and fears about diabetes; this allows the nurse to assess for any misconceptions or misinformation regarding diabetes. The nurse is also assessing th e vital signs of the patient such as temperature, respiration, blood pressure etc. and develops a baseline of these results. In this case the patients normal vital signs were as follows : Temperature- 36.4ââ€" ¦, Blood Pressure- 114/70, Respiration rate- 18 breaths per minute. Nursing Diagnosis Based on the assessment data, the main diagnoses the nurse must adhere to are as following: Risk for fluid volume deficit in relation to polyuria and dehydration, imbalanced nutrition related to imbalance of insulin, food, and physical activity. The main ones that are focussed on in this essay are the imbalance of insulin and the patient’s diet. Planning The major goals for the patient may include maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, optimal control of blood glucose levels. The nurse would plan suitable charts and regimes for the patient to follow. Intake and  output are measured. IV fluids and electrolytes are administered as prescribed, and oral fluid intake is encouraged when it is permitted. Vital signs are monitored hourly for signs of dehydration (tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension) along with assessment of breath sounds, level of consciousness, presence of oedema, and cardiac status. If the patient agrees with the diet plan and increases his fruit and vegetable intake this can highly optimise nutritional health, promote a healthy image and reduce the chances of obesity (Lock et al., 2005). In Diabetes, diet is a chief obstacle in the control of the condition (Watson et. al 1997). The patient’s goals in agreeing with a healthy diet for their Diabetes are as follows: 1) To regulate and sustain lipid levels an d blood glucose back to their normal state. 2) To avoid fluctuations in their blood glucose levels during the day. 3) To manage and control a desirable body weight. 4) To prevent or hinder the growth or advancement of renal, neurological or cardiovascular difficulties (Watson et. al 1997). The nurse should introduce a dietary plan for the patient with the Diabetes. This controls the amount of calories that are needed for each day and the magnitude of these calories to be assigned to carbohydrate, protein and lipids. This is determined by a person’s age, weight, gender, activity and their dietary intake before they discovered the disease. In general, the amount of targeted calories allocated to each food type is in the region of 50-60% carbohydrate, 10-15% protein and under 30% of fat (Rees and Williams,1995). In the diet, the concentrated sugars should be strictly limited e.g. sweets, jam, cake, and should only represent a minute part of a meal to prevent rapid increase in the blood sugar levels. The unrefined carbohydrates such as whole-meal bread, fruit and vegetables, and also fibre-rich f oods, should be consumed as an alternative to the refined carbohydrates as mentioned before. Implementation Meal planning is put into practice, with the control of glucose as the primary goal. The nurse must consider factors before beginning to intervene such as the patients lifestyle, cultural background, activity level, and their food preferences. A suitable caloric intake allows the patient to achieve and maintain the desired body weight. The nurse would encourage the  patient to eat complete and wholesome meals including snacks that have been prescribed in the diet that the team has devised for Kevin. The nurse needs to take into consideration of the fluid intake and keeps records of IV and other fluid intake, also record urine output measurements. Hypoglycaemia is the most dreaded acute difficulty in the disease of Diabetes, and can be a major factor in the hindering of the metabolic control in the body. Night-time hypoglycaemia states, more common in the paediatric side of Diabetes, places an immense worry for the child themselves but also the parents, as it more likely to go unnot iced and care for (Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J 2005). Hypoglycaemia may occur if the patient skips or delays meals, does not follow the prescribed meal plan, or greatly increases the amount of exercise without modifying food intake and insulin. In addition, hospitalized patients or outpatients who fast in preparation for diagnostic testing are at risk for hypoglycaemia. Juice, milk, or glucose tablets are used for treatment of hypoglycaemia. The patient is encouraged to eat full meals and snacks as prescribed in the meal plan. If hypoglycaemia is a recurring problem, the whole dietary plan must be looked over and improved if needed. The risk of hypoglycaemia with rigorous insulin routines, it is of the utmost importance for the nurse to review with the patient the signs and symptoms, possible causes, and measures for prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia. The nurse should emphasise to the patient and family the importance of having information on diabetes at home for reference. Evaluation After putting this plan into practice, the nurse found that it helped in the treatment and care of Kevin Brophy in managing and controlling his Diabetes. After following the Roper Logan and Tierney model of Nursing it helped understand his Activities of Daily Living and how the patient could work his new dietary plan into these ADL’s and control his blood glucose to prevent hypoglycaemia. Kevin will also be able to be knowledgeable of and carry out duties in a way to control his diabetes mellitus and also maintain adequate fluid volume in the body. He will be able to monitor his blood glucose periodically throughout the day, administer his own insulin, increase his own fluid balance and monitor his urine output. He should demonstrate a participation in activities that include having a proper diet, exercise and  lifestyle (Palandri, M.K. 1993). He also should be wary of and identify community, outpatient resources for obtaining further diabetes education. Conclusion To conclude, Kevin will need continuous assessment and advice on managing and controlling his Diabetes diagnosis. He will need support from his mother and also help from the multidisciplinary team that works with him and his mother in the hospital. In following the Roper Logan and Tierney model he will then be able to manage his ADL’s better and be more understanding with the condition of Diabetes. He will be able to control his dietary intake and follow a routine throughout life to deal with his diagnosis. References Aggleton, P., Chalmers, H. (2000)Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn). London: Macmillan. Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R. McKee, M. (2005) The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Bull. World. Health. Organ. 83, 100–8. Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Fear and other disturbances of severe Hypoglycaemia in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005; 18: 83–91. Palandri, M.K. and Sorrentino, C.R. (1993). Black and Matassarin – Jacobs, Pocket Companion for Luckmann and Sorensen’s Medical Surgical Nursing: A Psychophysiologic Approach. 4th Edition. W.B. Saunders. The Diabetes Control and complications Study Group (1994) Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J. Pediatr. 125, 177–188. Waterford Regional Hospital (2006) Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Watson et. al (1997) Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences 5th edn. Bailliere Tindall, 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX. Patricia Power Sorcha Dineen Miriam Cass 20053881 Patricia Chesser Smyth Nursing in the Community Module Leaders

History Of What Is Piracy Media Essay

History Of What Is Piracy Media Essay In its typical sense, the word piracy refers to the manufacturing of unauthorized copies pirated copies of protected and copyrighted material and then distributing or selling said copies. The rights of authorization infringed by those who make and deal in pirate copies are the rights of authorship generally protected by copyright, as well as the rights of ownership, particularly in the case of sound recordings, which are generally protected by neighboring rights regimes. In its wider sense, and as often spoken of in the popular press, piracy may also refer to acts of bootlegging (the making of an unauthorized recording of a live performance) and of counterfeiting (selling works made to resemble a genuine copy, as by replicating the label, the packaging, or the recording itself). Origin Piracy in the West The word piracy was used to label the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works for the first time in 1603, and, as such, predates any statutory law. Before the establishment of the Statute of Anne (which was the first copyright law in the Kingdom of Great Britain) in 1709, the Stationers Company of London was given a Royal Charter in 1557, which gave the company a monopoly on publication, as well as the responsibility of enforcing the charter. Those people who were found violating the charter were labeled pirates as early as 1603. After the Statute of Anne was established, the term piracy was used to describe the illicit manufacturing, sale and distribution of copyrighted material. b. Piracy in the Philippines Piracy of films and music in the Philippines has existed since the technology necessary to replicate tapes and disks became easier, cheaper and more available. In the 1970s, the cassette became a popular music format; and, as such, opened up a whole new market for portable music. Tape recorders also became easily accessible and cheap to the market, which brought along the problem of pirated music cassettes. In the 1980s, the Betamax became the first audiovisual playback device that gave the public the opportunity to record a show. This brought a trend in the Philippines. However, during martial Law, access to foreign material was limited. There would usually be a delay of a few months before a movie would be viewable in local theaters. This gave birth to the era of video rental shops, and these shops became a refuge for the entertainment-hungry Filipino. Betamax players were phased out in other parts of the world, to be replaced by video home systems (VHS) and laser discs. However, they did not become obsolete here in the Philippines. In fact, the loss of Betamax player buyers caused its price to plummet and become very affordable, causing its popularity to increase drastically. (Beginnings of Piracy, omb.gov.ph) The trend repeated itself with the VHS. At the same time that this was happening, camcorders were also being made. People discovered that camcorders were easy to use because they could bring it inside a cinema and record the movie showing. From the VHS, the material used moved to video compact discs (VCDs) and now we are using digital video discs (DVDs). All of these made possible by the advancing and upgrading of technology. Forms of Piracy Optical Disk Piracy Optical disk piracy refers to the illegal distribution, manufacturing, trade and/or sale of copies of movies, television programs, software programs, music, and games in digital disc formats which include Blu-Ray, DVD, DVD-R, CD, CD-R and VCD. These disks are sold on websites, online auction sites, via e-mail solicitation and by street vendors and flea markets around the world. The relatively inexpensive cost of blank discs and reliable disk-burning machines has led to the increase in number of DVD-R and CD-R burner labs. Internet Piracy In general, Internet piracy refers to the employment of the Internet to supply unauthorized downloadable copies of music, games, television, movies, and software programs. Internet piracy can also refer to the use of the Internet to spread codes or other technologies to bypass anti-copying security features in software products. Auction sites, Peer to Peer (P2P) networks, social networking sites, B2B websites and botnets are all common paths through which Internet piracy occurs. Theatrical Print Theft Theatrical print theft is exactly as its name suggests-the theft of an actual film print, usually 35 or 16 mm types, from a film depot, theater, courier service or other industry related facility, purely for the purpose of making illegal duplicates and then selling and/or distributing them. Having the original film print then allows the pirate to craft a high quality videotape from the original, which then serves as a master copy for future duplication purposes. However, this form of piracy is extremely rare, mostly because it is difficult to even obtain the prints and it is difficult to transfer the print to another format. Signal Theft Signal theft occurs when someone gains access to a cable TV system without the cable service provider being informed, or when someone receives satellite signals illegally. Usually pirates will provide satellite signal descramblers or illegal cable decoders for consumers. Counterfeit Consumer Goods Counterfeit consumer goods, regularly called  knock-offs, are  counterfeit  or imitation products presented for sale. The spread of counterfeit goods has become global lately and the range of produce subject to infringement is greater than before. Effects of Film Piracy First of all, I would like to stress that the main focus of this paper is on film piracy; therefore, the following points will deal with the effects of film piracy in particular. Economic Effects a. Business Loss in the Part of the Producers Those who are most obviously affected by film piracy are the people who invested their money and resources into the production of said motion picture. Seeing as how they gain returns on their investments through the sales of their film, allowing pirates to sell copies of the film without having to forward any margin of their profits to the producers of the original film would effectively rob the producers of the money they ought to earn if consumers were to purchase copies of the film from them rather than the pirates. One of the effects of piracy to films, especially local films, is that it shows that the people do not really support the films shown. It is a big problem especially during the Manila Film Festival. Piracy makes it an option for the people to wait for a cheaper alternative, and just watch it at home. Another of the effects is this: through the introduction of the illegal pirate market, pirates are effectively providing less expensive alternatives to the original at nearly, if not the same quality. This forces the producers to lower their selling prices in order to compete with the illegal market. We need only to look at the prices of original DVDs over the last few years in order to show this. In 2005, the prices of legal DVDs were about Php 700. Now, the prices have gone as low as Php 250 for two DVDs. Still, these prices are still not as preferable as the prices for an illegal DVD, which can go as low as four DVDs for Php 100. These effects can easily discourage any person from producing his own film for fear that he may not get a good return on his investment. If this continues, there may come a time when independent films will simply cease to be made. Social Effects Of course, the consumers are completely aware and fully informed that purchasing pirated DVDs practically amount to theft, but still people continue to patronize these illegal merchants. The existence of these pirated goods, these less-expensive alternative goods, is clearly promoting lower moral values and ethics. It is a well-known fact that, if presented a choice between two products that are of the same quality but of different price, consumers will always choose the product with the lower price. But in most cases, if you mention that the cheaper one will prevent cash from going to the producer of the good, then most consumers will suddenly have second thoughts. Unfortunately, this seems to happen only to a handful of consumers when it comes to movie piracy, providing more evidence to the case that film piracy promotes lower ethical standards and morals. Chapter III Actions and Precautions This chapter will deal with the actions and precautions taken in order to combat film piracy here in the National Capital Region. A. Local Goverment 1. Municipal Level As far as my research has uncovered, only two cities here in the Philippines have enacted a total ban on piracy in any area of the city. They are the cities of Manila and Quezon. It is important to note that the Quiapo district in Manila was previously listed as among the worlds 21 most notorious markets for pirated and counterfeit items. This caused Manila authorities to implement a total ban on the sale of pirated DVDs in the district and other parts of the city last July 28, 2011.(Esplanada, 2011) Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim previously gave a 1-month grace period for the DVD vendors in Quiapo to leave the illegal trade. Some vendors said they would obey Lims order, but others complained, claiming that they might not be able to feed their children. Some believe that the governments campaign against piracy will not last long, allowing the vendors to go back into this illegal trade; however, Manila officials strained that they were serious about applying this ban. Quezon City Mayor Herbert Bautista also declared a total ban on the sale and distribution of pirated discs in Quezon City, and has united with the Optical Media Board in enforcing Republic Act 9239 and City Ordinance No. SP1608, S2005. These two laws make illegal the distribution, transfer, manufacture, rental, and/or sale of fake, pirated, or counterfeit articles, services or goods. (Chavez, 2011) B. National Government In the past, the Philippine government has made it a state policy to protect intellectual property rights. This policy was enshrined in both the 1973 Constitution which offers the exclusive right to inventions, writings and artistic creations shall be secured to inventors, authors, and artists for a limited period and in the 1987 Constitution which clearly mandates that the State shall protect intellectual property. 1. Laws, Acts, and Orders a. Executive Order 60 CREATING THE INTER AGENCY COMMITTEE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS In 1993, President Fidel Ramos issued an executive order that created the Inter-Agency Committee on Intellectual Property Rights. It was supposed to recommend and enforce policies that protect intellectual property rights. (Executive Order 60. 1993) Executive order 736 INSTITUTIONALIZING PERMANENT UNITS TO PROMOTE, PRTECT AND ENFORCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) IN DIFFERENT LAW ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER AGENCIES UNDER THE COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (NCIPR) On June 21, 2008 the NCIPR was established to coordinate inter-agency efforts against counterfeiting and piracy, and to provide maximum benefits to Filipinos and ensure significant contributions to national development. (Executive Order 736, 2008) Republic Act 10088 Anti-Camcording Act of 2010 Its full title is AN ACT TO PROHIBIT AND PENALIZE THE UNAUTHORIZED USE, POSSESSION AND/OR CONTROL OF ADUIOVISUAL RECORDING DEVICES FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED RECORDING OF CINEMATOGRAPHIC FILMS AND OTHER AUDIOVISUAL WORKS AND/OR THEIR SOUNDTRACKS IN AN EXHIBITION FACILITY, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND OR OTHER PURPOSES. In layman terms, this act forbids the recording of a cinematographic film or other audio visual work and/or its soundtrack in a theater or similar venue. Penalties range from a fine of Php 50, 000.00 up to Php 750, 000.00, and imprisonment of six months and one day up to six years and one day. (Republic Act 10008, 2010) Republic Act 9239 AN ACT REGULATING OPTICAL MEDIA, REORGANIZING FOR THIS PURPOSE THE VIDEOGRAM REGULATORY BOARD, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Commonly known as the Optical Media Act of 2003, this act reorganized the Videogram Regulatory Board, created under Presidential Decree No. 1987, into the Optical Media Board (OMB). This act established the OMB in order to evaluate the qualifications of any establishment, individual, or entity to engage in the mastering, manufacture or replication of optical media, conduct inspections and raids, etc. In recent news, the Optical Media Board has been active in terms of confiscating pirated DVDs. It has partnered with the government of the City of Manila in keeping the Quiapo district, which was recently named one of the most notorious markets for pirated and counterfeit goods, free of pirates. Republic Act 8293 Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines This acts full title is AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE AND ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. It established the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines, which is supposed to: [a] Examine applications for grant of letters patent for inventions and register utility models and industrial designs; [b] Examine applications for the registration of marks, geographic indication, integrated circuits; [c] Register technology transfer arrangements and settle disputes involving technology transfer payments covered by the provisions of Part II, Chapter IX on Voluntary Licensing and develop and implement strategies to promote and facilitate technology transfer; [d] Promote the use of patent information as a tool for technology development; [e] Publish regularly in its own publication the patents, marks, utility models and industrial designs, issued and approved, and the technology transfer arrangements registered; [f]Administratively adjudicate contested proceedings affecting intellectual property rights; and [g] Coordinate with other government agencies and the private sector efforts to formulate and implement plans and policies to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights in the country. (Republic Act 8293, 1997) Chapter IV Effectiveness A. Results of Operations The website of the Intellectual Property Rights Philippines has been so kind to provide data on how much pirated and/or counterfeit goods have been confiscated in the past several years. Unfortunately, the data has proven too voluminous for this paper, so I have condensed it into this graph. Unfortunately, these figures can mean two things. Either these raids and confiscations are indeed improving and these acts, laws, and actions against piracy are allowing us to legally seize more illegal goods, or, the pirate market is simply growing at an exponential rate and we just happen to be able to confiscate more things simply because there is more to seize. So, it has come to my attention that one of the best ways to discover whether the governments methods against piracy are working is to ask those who are sure to be affected (if ever they are): the men and women who man the stalls that sell pirated movies. To my surprise, I discovered that the vendors I had interviewed indeed were experiencing a much harder livelihood compared to a few years back-but not because of laws and actions made by the government. Their main reason for the increase in difficulty of sales of their product is none other than competition. The rise of the number of vendors can only prove one thing, and that is that the government and the movie industry, despite their efforts, were unable to effectively trim the piracy problem in the last few years. However, according to the United States Trade Representative (USTR), we [the Philippines] are one step closer from being removed from the watch list for counterfeit and pirated goods. B. Difficulties in Fighting Film Piracy 1. Greater Demand As has been stated before, film piracy has made the pastime of watching movies and shows much cheaper and easier, which makes it no surprise to find that more people would prefer to purchase a pirated DVD simply because it is much cheaper and much easier to find. It is much more convenient to buy a pirated DVD and watch it at home anytime they want than to go to a mall and spend more money. One thing that film piracy offers that people also look for is the range of movies available. It is not hard to find an all-time favorite, or an old or new movie. 2. Loss of Livelihood Many people rely on their sales of pirated discs in order to support their families. That being said, one of the governments problems in fighting piracy is finding alternate livelihoods and jobs for those vendors who are to be affected by the bans. This was one of the issues that Quezon City Mayor Herbert Bautista had to deal with first when he declared a ban on the sale of pirated discs in July 2011, especially because those vendors were willing to not put up a fight, and all they asked for in exchange is for the government to provide jobs for them when the ban would start. 3. Incomplete Dedication of Enforcers It is sad that many of those on law-enforcement duty simply look the other way when it comes to piracy. Whether out of bribery or sheer ignorance, well never know. A fine example of this is the flea market known colloquially as Ruins, located in Sucat, Paraà ±aque city. It is a known center for pirated disc vendors, but less than a block away, lies the [Sucat PNP station]. I find it strange that there is next to nothing being done on the part of the PNP when such a large trove of illegal pirates is sitting right under their noses. This shows that not all enforcers are consistent, that others tolerate such crime, and that they may be supporting the idea and action of piracy. It is a bad view on the enforcers. The sellers would also be at ease in selling these pirated products. 4. Tolerance of officials? Piracy has reached such a level of popularity that even those with respectable positions in the government are prone to being clients. Take Ronaldo Llamas for example, he was Presidential Political Affairs Adviser and yet was STILL caught red-handed purchasing pirated DVDs in Circle C Mall along Congressional Avenue in Quezon City.

Cultural Analysis On Death And The Afterlife :: essays research papers

If there is one constant in this world, it would surely be death. Dying is an unavoidable part of life. Indeed, everything that lives will at sometime die. The fear of death is held by everyone. Perhaps it is the correlation of death with pain or the unknown state of the human consciousness after death, maybe a combination of both, that creates this fear. The fear felt is undoubtedly universal, however, the ways in which it is dealt with are varied and diverse. The concept of human mortality and how it is dealt with is dependent upon one’s society or culture. For it is the society that has great impact on the individual’s beliefs. Hence, it is also possible for other cultures to influence the people of a different culture on such comprehensions. The primary and traditional way men and women have made dying a less depressing and disturbing idea is though religion. Various religions offer the comforting conception of death as a begining for another life or perhaps a continuation for the former. Christians, for example, believe that souls that have lived by the words of their God will exist eternally in heaven as divine beings themselves. This conception of an afterlife is generally what we people who are residents of the Unitied States hold to be true. For American culture has its roots in Europe and European culture was and is still influenced by Christian faiths. Similar to Christianity, the Hinduism also eases the fear of death by presenting a life after death. Disimilarities present themselves in the two faiths concerning exactly what kind of afterlife is lived. Believers of the Hindu faith expect to be reincarnated after their demise, either as an animal or human being depending on the manner in which their lives were carried out. These ideals have influenced our culture though our use of language and thought. The implications are apparent in the common references to one’s past lives. For instance, if someone has a natural talent for music one may refer to the person as being once a talented musician in a past life. A religion which describes death as a continuation of existance is held by the Crow tribe of middle America. They viewed death as a journey with the final destination as a place where all their anscestors have gone before them. This notion of an afterlife eased the tribes assimilation into Christian culture when colonists came in contact with the Native Americans during the colonial expansion period.

Personal Narrative - Mother Ireland :: Example Personal Narratives

Mother Ireland My family is proud to boast a long and rich history mothered by the Emerald Isle of Erin, which is Gaelic for Ireland. My family's clan was first called the O'Neills, and we inhabited the outskirts of a small village which now goes by the name of County Cork. We were minstrels, actors and musicians in the courts of our family's home for many generations. An interesting piece of recent history about my family is that we are closely related to the Kennedys on my father's side. My grandmother was one of the Davises, who in some way were related intimately to the Fitzgeralds, who were John F. Kennedy's mother's close family. And not too many people know this, but one of the young Kennedy ladies had the good fortune of marrying the famous Mr. Arnold Schwartzenagger. I wish to go even farther back, though, to the era of the Medieval Renaissance on the Isle, when my family owned their own lands and estate, and the head of our family was known as one of the first rulers of Ireland. Our family's castle and lands remain standing to this day, but are inhabited by no one for failure to pay twenty million dollars in back taxes over the past three hundred years. So now our family's castle sits as a tourist attraction on the coast of Erin, as a reminder of the rich and time-honored beauty it has brought and will always bring to the Island. Our family owes its debt of gratitude to one young man. The rule who was living in our family's castle at the time had two sons. At the time, having two sons meant that the ruler would have to entrust his lands and properties to one of them when he died. Since the ruler could not decide whom to entrust the castle to, he told them to have boat race around the shores of Roan Innish ("Isle of the Seals, a small island off the coast of Ireland). So it was determined that whoever was first to touch the shoreline on the other side of the island would inherit all of his father's wealth. Well, the race was long and hard, and the younger son grew so tired that he could not row one second longer even though he was so close to the shoreline.

Michelangelo Essay -- Biography Biographies

biography on michelangelo â€Å"Trifles make perfections, and perfection is no trifle,† Michelangelo once stated. He is one of the greatest artists of all time and is unmatched by any other. Michelangelo is the creator of works of sublime beauty that express the full breadth of human condition. Yet, he was caught between conflicting powers and whims of his patrons, the Medici’s of Florence and Papacy’s in Rome. Michelangelo was born on the sixth of March in 1475, the second of five brothers in a small town called Caprese, in Tuscany. He always considered himself to be a Florentine, as did his father. Francesca Neri, his mother, was sick and frail. As a result, he stayed with a nurse in a family of stonecutters. It was there that Michelangelo decided he wanted to become an artist. When he turned thirteen, he agreed to apprentice in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio. After one year of learning the art of fresco, he went on to study at the sculpture school at the Medici gardens. They saw his talent and he was invited into the household of Lorenzo the Magnificent. During the years that he spent in the Garden of San Marco, Michelangelo began to study human anatomy. He would perform autopsies on the corpses and study the muscles and bones in order to perfect his sculptures. In exchange for permission to study corpses at a church that administered a hospital, the prior received a wooden crucifix from Michelangelo. His contact with the dead bodies caused some problems...

Concern Over Electromagnetic Fields Health And Social Care Essay

Our usage of electricity on a day-to-day footing is now taken for granted in Britain. We live and work surrounded by an of all time increasing array of electrical power public-service corporations, yet over a decennary ago concern over electromagnetic Fieldss ( EMFs ) exploded after Paul Brodeur wrote a series of articles in the New Yorker Magazine in June 1989. Because of Paul Brodeur ‘s repute his articles had a catalytic consequence on scientists, newsmans and concerned people throughout the universe, taking in November 1989 to the Department of Energy coverage that â€Å" It has now become by and large accepted that there are, so, biological effects due to field exposure. † Prior to the commercial handiness of manmade electricity, worlds were exposed to merely natural EMF forces, viz. the magnetic field of the Earth, electric Fieldss caused by charges in the clouds, sudden electric and magnetic Fieldss caused by buoy uping or by the inactive electricity of two objects rubbing together. The last century has seen Britain become progressively surrounded by semisynthetic EMF. In our society, where the usage of electricity is extended, exposure to EMF from the huge array of electrical contraptions and equipment, constructing wiring, distribution lines, and transmittal lines is common and for sustained periods of clip. There has been considerable research carried out on assorted facets of EMF and it ‘s consequence on human wellness, top outing with the Californian Department of Health bring forthing an EMF survey bing over $ 7Million and 8 old ages to finish. EMF frights have generated survey after survey and sparked a demand for a modern set of statute law and directives for employers climaxing in the drafting of a European directive. I work in the Power Utilities Sector on Power Generation Plant. Does EMF present a echt day-to-day wellness hazard to me? Against the context of the abstract and background in this papers. Working in the power public-service corporations industry within the electrical, instrumentality and control field, this possible injury is of both involvement and significance to me. I feel hence this topic should turn out both motivation and educational to reexamine. The information and decisions will finally be used for personal development and presentation of personal competency. Each reappraisal article must run into the following standards to be considered for reappraisal: Be a research article or study Primary or Secondary Research Contain Research Methodologies where possible.5. Search FootingsThe undermentioned initial hunt footings have been drafted to supply a footing to bring forth this critical literature reappraisal: EMF, EMF Exposure, EMF Health, EMF Safety, EMF Human Health, EMF biological, EMF malignant neoplastic disease, Electro Magnetic Health, Electromagnetic Adverse Health, Electromagnetic Fields Human Health4. Literature ReappraisalPulling initial ideas on the construction and research paradigm this reappraisal will take are that with my EIC background and industry cognition it would be unlogical that the research worker and the investigated are wholly divorced. I am and will be influenced by my experience and old interactions with electrical theory and experimentation when reexamining EMF literature. This cognition suggests a positivism attack utilizing an Epistemic stance necessitating the apprehender and the known to be independent is dismissed. All research requires a starting point and for this subject the most suitable attack to utilize is the Interpretivist attack utilizing an Epistemology stance. The apprehender and the known influence each other ; ( Lincoln & A ; Guba, 1985 ) There have been a big figure of surveies into the factor EMF exposure may play in the wellness and unwellness of populations referred to in medical nomenclature as Epidemiology ; the basis of public wellness research. Meta-analyses and other more complete reappraisals of leukemia and encephalon malignant neoplastic disease are summarised in this reappraisal with peculiar attending to exposure assessment methodological analysiss utilised by these surveies. Breast malignant neoplastic disease ( see Reference 1 for reappraisal ) and non-cancer results such as Alzheimer ‘s disease ( 2, 3 ) , amyotrophic sidelong induration ( ALS ) ( 4,5 ) and cardiovascular disease ( 6,7 ) have non been sufficiently studied, but face similar challenges in footings of exposure appraisal. These surveies are non considered any farther in this paper. One of the four known basic natural forces, EMF is defined as â€Å" The cardinal force that is associated with electric and magnetic Fieldss and is responsible for atomic construction, chemical reactions, the attractive and abhorrent forces associated with electrical charge and magnetic attraction, and all other electromagnetic phenomena. It is carried by the photon. † ( English Dictionary, 2009 ) In 1992 S.Richardson published ‘Occupational Risk Factors for Acute Leukaemia: A Case-Control Study ‘ in the International Journal of Epidemiology vol 21. This Journal is a equal reappraisal papers which gives grounds there is a procedure of self-regulation by a profession or a procedure of rating affecting qualified persons with this related field giving an early feel of research credibleness to research farther. Although no formal statements are made as to the writer ‘s certificates, the publication is written by members of the International Committee of Epidemiology and so an premise can be drawn that he is both qualified and respected in this field being portion of an elective commission. The survey uses a quantative methodological analysis, clearly saying his aims, variables, case-controls and informations aggregation methods, utilizing a questionnaire and a standard interview format to roll up statistical informations. As the rubric suggests the research metho d is a corporate instance survey, utilizing chemical and toxin exposures aswell as EMF to look into the phenomena of AL. The information collected and it ‘s trust on human remembrance will necessarily hold some defects and this human fallibility factor with the modified experimental factor utilizing instance controls and blind analysis to better on past contradictions, suggests a Postpositivism attack. The information does back up the belief that EMF is an occupational factor for acute leukemia. A really similar method to this is described by the writer ( M.Gerin et al 1985 ) for obtaining occupational exposure histories and is celebrated as a sucessful theoretical account by ( Inter-rate understanding in measuring occupational exposure in a case-control survey, Goldberg M et Al 1986 ) nevertheless it is earlier acknowledged ‘that however a questionnaire merely provides a foster step of exposure with possible misclassifications which cut down the power of the survey to observe a difference in the exposure of instances and controls ‘ ( Kleinbaum D Lifetime larning 1982 ) . ‘Risk of Cancer among Danish Utility Workers – A Nationwide Cohort Study ‘ ( C. Johansen 1998 ) was one of the largest representative research surveies, conducted by Christoffer Johansen who is the MD of the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society. The writer appears good respected and extremely qualified in his field of expertness keeping both PhD and DMSc awards. The survey informations is for 32,006 employees of 99 Danish public-service corporation companies covering both private and province owned installings. C.Johansen uses an intrinsic instance survey to supply a greater apprehension of power public-service corporation occupational exposure compared to the general public malignant neoplastic disease degrees.4. DecisionsEpidemiologic probe of possible associations of EMF exposure with hazard of chronic disease is an remarkably hard endeavor. Certain decisions can be drawn nevertheless: a ) The epidemiologic surveies conducted on possible wellness effects of EMF have improved over clip in edification of exposure appraisal and in methodological analysis. Several of the recent surveies on childhood leukemia and on occupational exposures in relation to grownup malignant neoplastic disease are near to the bound of what can realistically be achieved by epidemiology, in footings of size of survey and methodological asperity, utilizing soon available measuring methods. B ) Exposure measuring is a peculiar trouble of EMF epidemiology, in several respects: aˆ? The exposure of involvement is unperceivable, omnipresent, originates from multiple beginnings, and can change greatly over clip and over comparatively short distances. aˆ? The relevant exposure period, for malignant neoplastic diseases at least, is before the day of the month at which measurings can realistically be obtained and is of unknown continuance and initiation period. aˆ? The appropriate exposure metric is unknown, and there is no substantiated biological mechanism or carnal theoretical account from which to ascribe it. degree Celsius ) In the absence of grounds from cellular or carnal surveies, and given the methodological uncertainnesss and in many instances incompatibilities of the bing epidemiologic literature, there is no chronic disease result for which an aetiologic relation to EMF exposure can be regarded as established. vitamin D ) A big organic structure of high-quality informations exists, with measurings of exposure, strong methodological analysis, and big survey sizes, for childhood leukemia and encephalon tumors and for occupational exposure in relation to adult leukemia and encephalon tumors. Among all the results evaluated in epidemiologic surveies of EMF, childhood leukemia in relation to postpartum exposures above 0.4 I?T is the 1 for which there is most grounds of an association. The comparative hazard has been estimated at 2.0 ( 95 % assurance bounds ( CL ) = 1.27-3.13 ) in a big pooled analysis. This is improbable to be due to opportunity but may be partially due to bias. This is hard to construe in the absence of a known mechanism or consistent experimental support. In the big pooled analysis, merely 0.8 % of all kids were exposed above 0.4 I?T. Further surveies need to be designed to prove specific hypotheses such as facets of choice prejudice or exposure. On the footing of epidemiolog ic findings, there is grounds for an association of ALS with occupational EMF exposure although confounding is a possible account. Whether there are associations with chest malignant neoplastic disease, cardiovascular disease, and self-destruction and depression remains unsolved. Overall, despite 20 old ages of extended epidemiologic probe of the relation of EMF to hazard of chronic disease, there are still epidemiologic inquiries that need to be resolved. To be of value, nevertheless, future surveies of these inquiries must be of high methodological quality, of sufficient size and with sufficient Numberss of extremely exposed topics, and must include appropriate exposure groups and sophisticated exposure appraisal. Particularly for childhood leukemia, small is to be gained from farther repeat of probe of hazards at moderate and low exposure degrees, unless such surveies can be designed to prove specific hypotheses, such as choice prejudice or facets of exposure non antecedently cap tured. In add-on there is a demand for surveies in worlds of possible physiological effects of EMF that might associate to hazards of chronic disease.

Poverty in America: A Global Epidemic

A globular Epidemic Ben Sims Sociology 445 Contemporary Social Problems professor Shannon Sellers August 2, 2014 Of both the social jobs that egresslast within the States today, meagerness Is doubtless the to a greater extent or less prevalent . The stigma of imp everyplaceishment Is no longer solely the lock of third world countries, but alternatively an epidemic that has vigorously manifested itself in the coupled States at an alarming site. Yes, in America, the acres teeming with an abundance of natural resources and the patents to the just nearly pioneering technological advances f modern time, Indisputably faces an precious burden of privation.It is estimated that more than 46 jillion Americans live in indigence in the US (Tighten 157). American families be increasingly finding themselves struggling to make ends meet, and with the go on rate of un battle and the rapid increases to the court of vivification more and more families are left wing to choos e between the very base necessities of sustenance such(prenominal)(prenominal) as food, tax shelter and wellnesscare. Poverty has also had a heavy shock on raising and crime, predominantly in inner-city communities where the wealth inequality is closely apparent.With on the whole the carnage caused by distress be distinctly obvious In America why Is nothing being done about It? Does anyone care? Sadly, the almost egregious aspect of the epidemic of penury in America is that it doesnt have to know at all. The US in conclusion has the resources and mean to eliminate beggary altogether, if but it was position as a high toler equal priority. To truly comprehend the profound impact that poverty has had on America, there must(prenominal) first be an understanding of what poverty essentially politics agency and how It was caused.Webster dictionary describes poverty as the state of one who lacks a usual 1 OFF Dictionary). The text however, offers a more in-depth per spective on the term stating that poverty is a regular of vivacious beneath the borderline mandatory for the maintenance of adequate diet, health and shelter (Tighten 181). This definition implies that the poverty threshold is establish on those who can make the nominal get along of money required to assert a decent aim of life and those who cannot. Although these particular descriptions of poverty are not necessarily wrong, they are also not entirely accurate.When most hatful cipher of poverty the assumption may be that the core office of those actually vitality in poverty are the planetary houseless person or unemployed, but relative to common tone most of the pile living in poverty actually put to play. They are classified as the operative poor. fit in to US Census data over 2. 6 million salutary-time workers lived be unhopeful the poverty line in 2010 (Tighten 161). How is this workable? First and foremost, the federal minimal operate requirement in the linked States is $7. 25. So for an employee who works 40 hours a calendar week t replacement total monthly salary would be $1 , 165. 0 before taxes. right away lets analyze how much it would cost for an come American earning a minimum enlist salary to pay for the 3 most Asia necessities in life food, shelter and health care. The average percentage that Americans pay in housing costs is approximately 28 to 35 percent of their take home pay (Curmudgeon, 2010). 28 percent of $1,160. 00 is $324. 80. harmonize too 2010 survey conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Americans spend roughly $1 51. 00 a week on food, equaling a whopping $604. 00 a month (Mended, 2012).If we add the average monthly cost of healthcare under Beams Affordable boot Act, which is $328. 00 (Persuade, 2014), the total monthly expenses for Just the radical necessities alone is a staggering $1 ,256. 0. The basic necessities alone total more than the average worker, earning minimum wage, in America makes in a month and that convention legato doesnt account for utility bills, exaltation and other miscellaneous expenses. Not to reference point the addition of a spouse or children. It is important to understand that poverty is a very complex social dilemma, with a variety of unfounded stereotypes that persist about its causes.One of the most common misconceptions about poverty is that the poor inherently cause their deliver poverty, alluding to the poor having a lack of take away and ambition necessary to change heir pecuniary status. This perception is often referred to as the person-blame nest . This means that social problems such as poverty are the go away of the pathologies of individuals (Tighten 163). Although this notion is credible, in this particular slip, it is roughly off kilter due to that detail that dismantle though 2. Million people go to work and log over 40 hours a week they stillness wont surpass the threshold of even half of the nations median salary . And therein lies the problem. The issue is not whether members of society are willing to work, because not hardly are a absolute mass f the poor willing and able to work hard, they do so when presumption the opportunity. The real root of the problem is the minimum wage requirement in the US and the lack of access to adequate instruction and training necessary to require better-paying stage businesss.The system-blame approach is more fitting in this instance because there is no shortage of people willing to work but rather a shortage in the amount that is being paid out for state work. There is also no shortage in people willing to fasten and utilize the sufficient training and education needed to attain better employment but underprivileged. Although the political science has in occurrence tried to implement programs to solve the problem of poverty in America, more of these programs contained of the essence(p) flaws and in many cases make the troth worse. Welfare is t he most notable of these programs.Welfare was conventional to assist underprivileged families and individuals get out of poverty (Tighten 165), but have last led to a disturbing rate of dependency. Instead of assisting families welfare had essentially enabled them in many ways, with a vast majority of recipients not feeling the need to work. aliment thin the program even made it easier to stay on welfare than to strain employment and encouraged unmarried adult female to have children. Thus, the enactment of the Welfare mitigate Act of 1996. This bill was established to write out the number of families and individuals dependent on politics assistance.These institutional changes helped to reduce welfare dependency by mandating that recipients actively sample work while receiving government assistance, increasing the direct of accountability for those in need of fiscal aid. The government also developed several(prenominal) other programs in an effort to curvature poverty suc h as the temporal Assistance to Needy Families program (TANK) which issues financial assistance to low-income families but also requires them to work at least 20 hours a week to receive benefits (Saddler, 2012).Addition services such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and WICK were all established to essentially assist low-income families contact financial stability while progressively becoming independent of all government aid. Although these programs and institutional amendments have been extremely expensive in assisting the poor and underprivileged advance a sustainable level of life, alas they havent been enough to end or even cut the poverty level in Alfa.These programs have ultimately helped sustain the world(a) threshold of poverty in many ways by serving to only assist low-income families get through financial difficulties instead of helping them get out. The only way for members of the underprivileged society to come above poverty is to furnish the means to earn more than the nations median income. This goes dorsum to the need for programs that assist individuals in acquiring the knowledge and training necessary to acquire higher paying Jobs and also for the government to raise the minimum wage requirement.Perhaps the most compelling explanation for the persistence of poverty is the remarry of private profit. The basic rule of capitalism is who gets what is determined solely by private profit rather than incorporated need (Tighten 173). By private corporations accentuate the theory of maximizing profits they ultimately end up endorsing poverty. This is done by companies paying their workers the minimum amount attainable including benefits and pocketing the wealth that was created by laborers and distributing it among the owners instead of the working class.Primacy of profit also endorses poverty by employing a bevy of uneducated and grand laborers who are eager to work for low engage. Many of these laborers are illegal immigrants and dont take hold of having benefits as a necessity. This in device makes it extremely profitable for owners of businesses and large corporations to betroth these workers because of the amount of money that they will be able to save while still being able to employ laborers full time.Poverty is supported and maintained through my belief that the US government has made attempts to wrench the impact of poverty, I believe that the United States has the power to end poverty all together. This can be accomplished by making poverty a surmount priority. The United States spends roughly 712. Billion dollars of our nations defense each year (Tighten 177). A percentage of that figure can be deducted and contributed to set upon poverty without Jeopardizing our nations defense at all.This particular money could be used to provide adequate schooling and fund programs that kick upstairs academic advancement in inner-city communities. Those monetary resource could also be used to provide training semi nars for individuals with limited education who seek higher paying Jobs and wish to be more competitive candidates in todays Job market. Most importantly however, those funds could be used to raise the federal minimum wage requirement to a level that allows ore people to earn above or at least earn wages comparable to the nations median salary.